The Essence of Debating
In a public debate, it is essential to keep in mind the essence of debate: never persuade your opponent, but persuade the audience. Debate shapes both yourself and your opponent; it requires a strong capacity for empathy to analyse the audience, your opponent and yourself.
Based on my personal experience, I present five points of advice below. These suggestions are all intended to serve the fundamental purpose of considering the audience. While this may appear utilitarian, it does not restrict the pursuit of truth; rather, it helps people to find the truth.
Firstly, never resort to sophistry. The advent of the internet means that videos, audios, texts and even memories from debates can be scrutinised by countless people. Once someone points out your sophistry, your reputation will be utterly ruined. Unless the context is a simulation, a private setting or an informal occasion, sophistry is nothing more than a dangerous ploy.
Secondly, Sun Tzu said: 'Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is something to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.' Unless there is a benefit, unless your logic is clear, unless you are under threat, do not enter into debate. If the opponent merely resorts to emotional ranting, lacking any logic, then there is no threat, and their stance will collapse naturally.
Thirdly, retreat in order to advance. In a debate, it is impossible to completely refute your opponent; you must strike at the core. If your opponent puts forward a point, you may refute it, but if it is difficult to refute, simply acknowledge it. Acknowledge or even agree with their point of view, and admit the limitations of your own views from their perspective; finally, present a perspective that is either more advanced or equally important, thereby regaining the advantage.
Fourthly, point out mistakes. Your opponent will naturally make mistakes during the debate. There is no need to spend lengthy words on these errors; simply point them out, provide the facts and present your rebuttal.
Finally, learn to apologise. In any debate, it is inevitable that one may fail to consider all factors, or make factual or rhetorical errors. When this happens, do not become stubborn or obstinate. Whether the error is significant or not, analysing and acknowledging it often brings more benefits than drawbacks. If the error does not undermine your core argument, you can still continue debating.